Types of Slavery in Africa and the World Today

Whether slavery existed within sub-Saharan African societies before the arrival of Europeans is a hotly contested point between Afrocentric and Eurocentric academics. What is certain is that Africans, like other people throughout the world, have been subjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade and Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Even after the abolition of the slave trade in Africa, colonial powers continued to use forced labor, such as in King Leopolds Congo Free State (which was operated as a massive labor camp) or as libertos on the Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde or Sao Tome. Major Types of Slavery It can be argued that all of the following qualify as slavery—the United Nations deems slavery to be the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised and slave as a person in such condition or status. Slavery existed long before European imperialism, but the scholarly emphasis on the African transatlantic slave trade led to a neglect of contemporary forms of slavery until the 21st century. Chattel Slavery Chattel slavery is the most familiar type of slavery, although they make up a comparatively small proportion of slaves in the world today. It involves the complete ownership of one human being by another, whether captured, born, or sold into permanent servitude; their children are normally also treated as property. Chattel slaves are considered property and are traded as such. They have no rights, are expected to perform labor (and sexual favors) at the command of a slave master. This is the form of slavery which was carried out in the Americas as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. There are reports that chattel slavery still exists in Islamic North Africa, in such countries as Mauritania and Sudan (despite both countries being participants in the 1956 UN slavery convention). One example is that of Francis Bok, who was taken into bondage during a raid on his village in southern Sudan in 1986 at the age of seven and spent ten years as a chattel slave in the north of Sudan before escaping. The Sudanese government denies the continued existence of slavery in its country. Debt Bondage The most common form of slavery in the world today is debt bondage, known as bonded labor, or peonage, a type of enslavement resulting from a debt owed to a moneylender, usually in the form of forced agricultural labor: in essence, people as used collateral against their debts. Labor is provided by the person who owes the debt, or a relative (typically a child): the borrowers labor pays off the interest on the loan, but not the original debt itself. It is unusual for a bonded laborer to ever escape their indebtedness since further costs would accrue during the period of bondage (food, clothing, shelter), and it is not unknown for the debt to be inherited across several generations. Faulty accounting and huge interest rates, sometimes as much as 60 or 100 percent, are used in extreme cases. In the Americas, peonage was extended to include criminal peonage, where prisoners sentenced to hard labor were farmed out to private or governmental groups. Africa has its own unique version of debt bondage called pawnship. Afrocentric academics claim that this was a much milder form of debt bondage compared to that experienced elsewhere since it would occur on a family or community basis where social ties existed between debtor and creditor. Forced Labor or Contract Slavery Contract slavery is defined as that created when the slaveholder guarantees employment, luring job seekers to remote locations. Once a worker arrives at the place of promised employment, he or she is violently coerced into labor without pay. Otherwise known as unfree labor, forced labor, as the name implies, is based on the threat of violence against the laborer (or his or her family). Laborers contracted for a specific period would find themselves unable to escape enforced servitude, and the contracts are then used to mask the slavery as a legitimate work arrangement. This was used to an overwhelming extent in King Leopolds Congo Free State and on Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde and Sao Tome. Minor Types Several less common types of slavery are found throughout the world and account for a small number of the total number of slaves. Most of these types tend to be restricted to specific geographic locations. State Slavery or War Slavery State slavery is that which is government-sponsored, where the state and army captures and forces its own citizens to work, often as laborers or bearers in military campaigns against indigenous populations or for government construction projects. State slavery is practiced in Myanmar and North Korea. Religious Slavery Religious slavery is when religious institutions are used to maintain slavery, One common scenario is when young girls are given to local priests to atone for the sins of their family members, which is thought to appease the gods for the crimes committed by relatives. IPoor families will in effect sacrifice a daughter by having her marry a priest or a god, and end up often working as a prostitute. Domestic Servitude This type of slavery is when women and children are forced to serve as domestic workers in a household, held at force, isolated from the outside world and never allowed outside. Serfdom A term usually restricted to medieval Europe, serfdom is when a tenant farmer is bound to a section of land and was thus under the control of a landlord. The serf can feed themselves by working on their lords land  but is liable for the provision of other services, such as working on other sections of land or military service. A serf was tied to the land, and could not leave without his lords permission; they often required permission to marry, to sell goods, or to change their occupation. Any legal redress lay with the lord. Although this is considered a European condition, the circumstances of servitude are not unlike those experienced under several African kingdoms, such as that of the Zulu in the early nineteenth century. Slavery Around the World The number of people who today are enslaved to a degree depends on how one defines the term. There are at least 27 million people in the world who are permanently or temporarily under the complete control of some other person, business or state, who maintains that control by violence or the threat of violence. They live in nearly every country in the world, although the majority are believed to be concentrated in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Slavery is also endemic in southeast Asia, Northern and Western Africa, and South America; and there are pockets in the United States, Japan, and many European countries. Sources Androff, David K. The Problem of Contemporary Slavery: An International Human Rights Challenge for Social Work. International Social Work 54.2 (2011): 209–22. Print.Bales, Kevin. Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization. Journal of International Affairs 53.2 (2000): 461–84. Print.Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, as adopted by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI) of 30 April 1956 and done at Geneva on 7 September 1956.

How to Lie With Statistics Book Review - 1047 Words

How to Lie with Statistics Book Summary The book How to Lie with Statistics written by Darrell Huff shows you how statistics are used to mislead; sometimes unintentionally, other times on purpose. It gives the readers the knowledge necessary to intelligently question and understand the story behind the numbers. In other words, it shows the tricks the crooks use, so that honest men can use this knowledge for self defense. I think it’s particularly useful for a manager or an executive to read and understand this book, because they are usually presented with a lot of numbers, graphs and charts and are expected to make decisions based on these numbers. People collecting and presenting the numbers to management could employ some of the†¦show more content†¦Another interesting concept explained in the book is the semi attached figure: if you can’t prove what you want to prove, demonstrate something else and pretend they are the same thing. When there is a comparison, you should carefully look at what the comparison product or group is. You should also control for all other potential risk factors when studying effects of factors. The most striking example in the book is the claim used by Navy recruiters: It was safer to be in Navy than out of it just by comparing the death rates of Navy personnel and NY citizens, even though these groups are not comparable. Maybe one of the most common mistakes about statistics is to think that something is a result of something when they are correlated. However, correlation does not imply causation. A very common instance is where neither of the variables have any effect on each other but there is a real correlation. The book presents a great example for this with rum prices and ministers’ salaries. They seem to be correlated and you could decide that one is the cause of the other where in fact the rise in the prices is the real influence for both. 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Discuss, compare and contrast 2 poems I am by John Clare and Wants by Philip Larkin Essay Example For Students

Discuss, compare and contrast 2 poems I am by John Clare and Wants by Philip Larkin Essay Many poets, conventional and traditional have written about their personal feelings and their views on the world. The two poems I have looked at I AM by John Clare and WANTS by Philip Larkin show their deepest emotions and individual thoughts and about themselves and other relationships between friends and family. Each poet has a different way of demonstrating the themes through use of language, style and tone; but we can still establish the related themes. Some examples of the related themes are melancholy about their lives, relationships with others, and an aspiration for isolation, perception of oblivion and their scrutiny of death. Matthew Arnolds view on poetry was genuine poetry is conceived and composed in the soul. This expression describes both poems accurately. John Clare 1972-1840 was a romantic poet who wrote I AM. Throughout the poem there is a general realization of loss, with many references to oblivion, nature and God. His opening line begins with a self-affirming statement, I am. This could be a way of pronouncing that he is a person, a human. He feels that his friends have forsaken him like a memory lost; saying that he either cant remember them or that he has blocked them out, here we can see an example of alliteration, which draws attention to the words. By saying they rise and vanish in oblivions host, he has personified how his woes have been risen up and then disappeared, into oblivion. Larkin also uses many references to oblivion; such as desire of oblivion runs from this I fall that he longs for somewhere where there is nothing, somewhere where he can be alone. Clare has used an image of mad love, which holds back painful memories like shadows in love-frenzied stifles throes. The last line of stanza 1 runs into stanza2, and the last line could be saying that he is insubstantial, but his emotions take over him. We can see that in the first stanza there is a sense of rhyme used which is different that the rhyme structure used in stanza 2 and 3. He has used this construction of rhyme, because he has tried to convey that stanza 1 needs no closure and that is why the rhyme is different in stanza 2 and 3. The use of enjambment has let the 1st stanza continue into the 2nd stanza. He knows who he is, but he says that into the living sea of waking dreams this could mean that life is like a dream, not significant. This theme carries into his next line where he discusses where he is, in oblivion where there is no happiness, also where there is no sense of life, but by saying that where he is, has no life then it must be dead. He alludes to death, when he talks about his vast shipwreck of me lifes esteems. This could have two different meanings, one; that everything in his life is a mess, or two; that there is a slight hope for saving his life. The previous four lines have all had rhyme incorporated in an A, B formation, but this changes in stanzas 2and 3. The last two lines in both stanzas rhyme with each other, highlighting the words used and drawing attention to them. In the last lines of this stanza we are told information about his friends that he finds his friends have become strangers, and are even more unfamiliar than others. Interestingly we can see similar use of the theme, in the other poem. We can see that from reading it that Larkin, he also finds no comfort in friends, family or women. Clare has said that man has destroyed everything, and he wants somewhere he cant be hurt, where there are no people. This may suggest somewhere where man has not been before; where there are no emotions, where he cant suffer. He uses the line there to abide with my Creator, God. this is a personal pronoun, another self-affirmation. Another way of interpreting this line could be that Clare has a personal relationship with God, saying that there was somebody who took an interest in making him. How do poets from the pre 1914 poetry present their ideas about love and relationships EssayLike Larkin he also longs for a place where there is nothing, somewhere where he can alone. We area able to recognize that from his line Despite the artful tensions of the calendar, that he has tried to demonstrate to the reader, that he feels that there are events that keep coming up that he doesnt want. The events have no meaning to him, and he feels that life is like a balancing act of events, but the events are manipulative and deceptive. The events attempt to make him feel pressurised into doing them. I found that Larkin doesnt have any values for life insurance because he has no interest in leaving any money behind. The tabled fertility rites have acted as a way of describing how he feels that there are certain times in peoples lives when they are pressured into having children. He also may appear to think that having children is mechanical just like everything also that should be done. This line has similar meanings to that of line 3 in stanza 1, where he also mentions about the pressures of having children, printed directions of sex. He also explains that if you dont think about death then this will be costly to you on your mind, because you have not thought about it and it will be a shock when it does. He has thought about it, is ready for death and it wont be as much of a revelation. He has said that you should think about it, be prepared for what will happen to you eventually. He has pointed out that it will be a costly aversion of the eyes from death; we are also able to find references to death in Clares poem, where we can establish his thoughts on death where he can abide with his creator, God. From looking at this poem I have noticed that in this stanza, we can see a relationship between the first and last lines and the middle lines. The first and last lines can be seen as applying to Larkin himself, whereas the middle lines can be seen to be applied universally. He repeats the first line again, to draw more attention to the words that he has written. From looking at both poems I have found that Clare has en explanation through his poem, he is explaining that his life has become lost through many different stages and causes. He feels that certain things in his life have been insignificant, and his life is a mess. In Larkins poem I have found that there was no justification for what he is saying, he appears to record all the things in his life that have prevented him from being alone, he gives reasons, but they all involve other people, but nothing accounts for that things that heave gone wring in his life. I find that Clare gets his point across in a simple way, whereas Larkins poem seems to have deeper meanings, than what is written. I felt that Clares poem is more effective and has a straight forward meaning without having to discover hidden meanings. Clare has declared his personal feelings and his personal views and emotions, through a way of poetry, expressing himself. poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. I feel that T. S. Eliot has described the way that Clare has written his poem, in a way that he has described his personal feelings and emotions.